Ethical moments and institutional expertise in UK Government COVID-19 pandemic policy responses: where, when and how is ethical advice sought?

Background:The emergency response to the COVID-19 pandemic has required a rapid acceleration of policy decision making, and raised a wide range of ethical issues worldwide, ranging from vaccine prioritisation, welfare and public health ‘trade-offs', inequalities in policy impacts, and the legitimacy of scientific expertise.Aims and objectives:This paper explores the legacy of the pandemic for future science-advice-policy relationships by investigating how the UK government's engagement with ethical advice is organised institutionally. We provide an analysis of some key ethical moments in the UK Government response to the pandemic, and institutions and national frameworks which exist to provide ethical advice on policy strategies.Methods:We draw on literature review, documentary analysis of scientific advisory group reports, and a stakeholder workshop with government ethics advisors and researchers in England.Findings:We identify how particular types of ethical advice and expertise are sought to support decision making. Contrary to a prominent assumption in the extensive literature on ‘governing by expertise', ethical decisions in times of crisis are highly contingent.Discussion and conclusions:The paper raises an important set of questions for how best to equip policymakers to navigate decisions about values in situations characterised by knowledge deficits, complexity and uncertainty. We conclude that a clearer pathway is needed between advisory institutions and decision makers to ensure ethically-informed debate.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic implications on nursing care: A short review

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) disease is a global pandemic infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, which affects all age groups with a higher incidence in the geriatric population and people with chronic diseases. The outbreak of the virus is a serious public health challenge including to nurses at the various health care facilities around the world. The outbreak of the coronavirus has been a huge threat to nursing and nursing care globally. Nurses are experiencing a high level of daily emotional stress in their activities in preventing disease infections, promoting health, and saving lives. Many nurses have lost their lives to the deadly disease in their fight to save their patients, many feel stressed and burnout, and many feeling discouraged because of the protracted effects of the disease. The psychological health of the nurses as frontline health care workers should be safeguarded owing to their crucial roles in mitigating disease pandemics. Thus, adequate training of nurses would better equip them with the necessary information regarding the preventive measures, and management approaches to foster the mitigation of the disease, mitigate the disease burden on healthcare facilities, and enhance the recovery rate of the infected populations. Andfurther better prepare nurses on prioritizing personal psychological health.

Editors' Introduction Neoliberalism in Higher Education: Practices, Policies, and Issues

While the working and middle classes have faced the challenges brought about by job layoffs resulting from corporate mergers and the lack of an economic support system to provide a survivable quality of life, the top one percent has enjoyed the benefits of increasing monetary gains from tax cuts and stock market investments. Reduced state funding and the infusion of marketplace principles and practices have resulted in the treatment of students as a revenue stream for raising tuition, which, in turn, increases student dependence on loans benefiting primarily Wall Street private lenders. [...]higher education has become the victim of a hostile takeover by neoliberal principles that utilize higher education as a laboratory for economic practices and redesign work roles to monetize the value of higher education. [...]they argue that for the last fifty years, neoliberalism has penetrated the academy and intercollegiate athletics and has been speeding toward a separation of the university and athletics by prioritizing business and profit interests as well as private and corporate sponsorships, and by increasing reliance on governance by the NCAA rather than universities (including academic standards and compliance).

Responding to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic with innovative data use: The role of data challenges

Innovative, responsible data use is a critical need in the global response to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Yet potentially impactful data are often unavailable to those who could utilize it, particularly in data-poor settings, posing a serious barrier to effective pandemic mitigation. Data challenges, a public call-to-action for innovative data use projects, can identify and address these specific barriers. To understand gaps and progress relevant to effective data use in this context, this study thematically analyses three sets of qualitative data focused on/based in low/middle-income countries: (a) a survey of innovators responding to a data challenge, (b) a survey of organizers of data challenges, and (c) a focus group discussion with professionals using COVID-19 data for evidence-based decision-making. Data quality and accessibility and human resources/institutional capacity were frequently reported limitations to effective data use among innovators. New fit-for-purpose tools and the expansion of partnerships were the most frequently noted areas of progress. Discussion participants identified building capacity for external/national actors to understand the needs of local communities can address a lack of partnerships while de-siloing information. A synthesis of themes demonstrated that gaps, progress, and needs commonly identified by these groups are relevant beyond COVID-19, highlighting the importance of a healthy data ecosystem to address emerging threats. This is supported by data holders prioritizing the availability and accessibility of their data without causing harm;funders and policymakers committed to integrating innovations with existing physical, data, and policy infrastructure;and innovators designing sustainable, multi-use solutions based on principles of good data governance.

Policy responses to COVID-19 in Sri Lanka and the consideration of Indigenous Peoples.

COVID-19 has had uneven impacts on health and well-being, with Indigenous communities in the Global South facing some of the highest risks. Focusing on the experience of Sri Lanka, this study identifies key policy responses to COVID-19, documents how they evolved over two years of the pandemic, and examines if and how government responses have addressed issues pertaining to Indigenous Peoples. Drawing upon an analysis of policy documents (n = 110) and interviews with policymakers (n = 20), we characterize seven key policy responses implemented by the Sri Lankan government: i) testing for and identifying COVID-19; ii) quarantine procedures; iii) provisional clinical treatments; iv) handling other diseases during COVID-19; v) movement; vi) guidelines to be adhered to by the general public; and vii) health and vaccination. The nature of these responses changed as the pandemic progressed. There is no evidence that policy development or implementation incorporated the voices and needs of Indigenous Peoples.

Catalysing regional integration in Africa: The role of infrastructure

Now, more than ever, infrastructure integration in Africa has become critical to recalibrating Africa's growth strategy toward increased intraregional trade, especially in an era of global isolationism, protectionism and supply chain disruptions from COVID and the war in Ukraine. This paper investigates the extent to which infrastructure development and integration can act as a catalyst for trade, innovation and income improvements in Africa. Using panel data analysis, we show that the infrastructure sector with the strongest multiplier effect on economic activity is the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, followed by the transport sector, the electricity sector and, last, the water sector. This ranking of the catalytic role of infrastructure sectors should guide policy prioritisation on infrastructure investments to accelerate growth and unlock the potential of the AfCFTA. Benchmarking exercises on infrastructures' catalytic role in the regional economic communities (RECs) show that infrastructure has had the strongest impact on economic outcomes in the East African Community bloc, making the EAC a type of flying‐geese RECs for other regions to emulate.

El trabajo de campo en la investigación social en tiempos de pandemia

El trabajo de investigación de campo en su generalidad corresponde a una fase determinante del proceso de conocimiento directo de actores sociales y de sus dinámicas colectivas que suelen estar permeadas por convivencia armónica, problemas, conflictos, contradicciones y, en algunos casos, por agresiones y violencias culturales, psicológicas, de género y simbólicas. En cualquier situación, la y el investigador que se adentra al campo para realizar etnografía o para hacer trabajo de campo con el empleo de diversas técnicas e instrumentos de observación y de recolección de información, se enfrenta a realidades muy complejas como las de la pandemia mundial de Covid-19 que ha modificado la vida personal, familiar, social, comunitaria y pública, así como la relación directa con los actores sociales y los espacios de investigación. En este sentido, el artículo aporta a la construcción del conocimiento sobre el trabajo de campo a partir de la pregunta ¿cómo podemos investigar la realidad social en tiempos de pandemia? La metodología consistió en la sistematización de experiencias del trabajo de campo en posgrados de México de 2020 a 2021. Se concluye que es necesario replantear los proyectos, metodologías, técnicas e instrumentos de investigación ortodoxos priorizando la emergente indagación social online.Alternate :Field research work in general corresponds to a determining phase of the process of direct knowledge of social actors and their collective dynamics that are usually permeated by harmonious coexistence, problems, conflicts, contradictions and, in some cases, by cultural, psychological, gender, and symbolic aggression and violence. In any situation, the researcher who enters the field to carry out ethnography or to do fieldwork with the use of various techniques and instruments of observation and data collection, faces very complex realities such as those of the global pandemic of Covid-19 that has modified personal, family, social, community and public life, as well as the direct relationship with social actors and research spaces. In this sense, the article contributes to the construction of knowledge about fieldwork based on the question: How can we investigate social reality in times of pandemic? The methodology consisted of the systematization of fieldwork experiences in postgraduate courses in Mexico from 2020 to 2021. It is concluded that it is necessary to rethink orthodox research projects, methodologies, techniques and instruments, prioritizing the emerging online social inquiry.

Building Community in Virtual Space: A Community Collaborative Sustains Its Exploration of Environmental Justice and Migration Issues in the Midst of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had disproportionate impacts on communities that already bear disparate burdens of environmental and climate injustice. Migrant communities and those that have been historically marginalized are especially vulnerable. Building and maintaining relationships that serve as community support is challenged by the distance mandated by the virus. In this article, research partners from neighborhood and academic communities explore ways that we have navigated related challenges. Using the organizing and research methodology of legislative theatre, our collaborative harnessed virtual space to maintain connection and further our research goals. Zoom became our virtual gathering space, which was enriched by incorporating embodied practices into our processes to deepen intimacy. We found that responsivity and consistency of connection served to support relationships in the absence of physical presence. While these practices and approaches allowed us to move our work forward while prioritizing equitable relationships, challenges remain. Accessibility is a key barrier, as both technology and internet connection are unreliable in many communities. Equity work, regardless of the form of engagement, requires time and engagement with place. Yet, we found that storytelling combined with embodied practices, responsivity, and consistency of connection, can transcend virtual space to promote healing and change.

Bridging a Pandemic-Sized Distance: Community-Based and Participatory Research During COVID-19

Though it took time to adjust to the new realities of interacting with partners virtually, many of the authors describe how their deep-rooted concerns for the well-being of their community partners translated into prioritizing the safety, confidentiality, and mental health of participants in virtual spaces. [...]several of the papers offer advice as to factors that must be taken into account when conducting virtual community-based research methods. [...]several research teams emphasized the need for researchers to consider underlying inequities that exist in terms of which potential participants have access to the technology and internet bandwidth necessary to participate in virtual projects, how that can bias whose voices are being included in virtual processes, and what steps researchers can take to facilitate more representative and complete participation. Designed to bring together undergraduate engineering students and community members from a rural community in eastern North Carolina to develop community-driven engineering designs that could address ongoing flooding and water quality issues, COVID-19 restrictions necessitated completing all public meetings, focus groups, and interviews virtually.

When crisis strikes - Changes in work and professional identity among social workers in Norwegian Child Welfare Protection services during COVID-19

When the COVID-19 pandemic reached Norway in March 2020, comprehensive action was taken by the government, leading to the lockdown of welfare institutions, schools and kindergartens, and strict restrictions on physical meetings. This had severe consequences for Child Welfare Protection services (CWP). The restrictions stopped child welfare protection home visits and professionals in other welfare institutions, which usually observe children and notify child welfare protection services, were no longer able to identify children at risk. This article, drawing on interviews with 10 social workers, explores their experience during COVID-19. Applying Lipsky’s concept of street-level bureaucrats and theories of professional identity, the article documents how COVID-19 not only restricted, but also modified social workers jobs, and led to self-reflection on their professional identity. In turn, the findings suggest the potential for beneficial changes in practices in the aftermath of COVID-19 © This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

How to fairly allocate scarce medical resources? Controversial preferences of healthcare professionals with different personal characteristics.

The scarcity of medical resources is widely recognized, and therefore priority setting is inevitable. This study examines whether Portuguese healthcare professionals (physicians vs nurses): (i) share the moral guidance proposed by ethicists and (ii) attitudes toward prioritization criteria vary among individual and professional characteristics. A sample of 254 healthcare professionals were confronted with hypothetical prioritization scenarios involving two patients distinguished by personal or health characteristics. Descriptive statistics and parametric analyses were performed to evaluate and compare the adherence of both groups of healthcare professionals regarding 10 rationing criteria: waiting time, treatment prognosis measured in life expectancy and quality of life, severity of health conditions measured in pain and immediate risk of dying, age discrimination measured in favoring the young over older and favoring the youngest over the young, merit evaluated positively or negatively, and parenthood. The findings show a slight adherence to the criteria. Waiting time and patient pain were the conditions considered fairer by respondents in contrast with the ethicists normative. Preferences for distributive justice vary by professional group and among participants with different political orientations, rationing experience, years of experience, and level of satisfaction with the NHS. Decision-makers should consider the opinion of ethicists, but also those of healthcare professionals to legitimize explicit guidelines.

Editorial: “Digital innovation to tackle business opportunities in the digital age”

Contents of issue 3 Issue 3 of this year presents a collection of nine papers addressing important topics like national innovation systems, mobile banking, biometric point-of-sale terminal for payments to the role of information technologies in manufacturing and health care. The aim of this paper has supported the objectives to identify the role of mobile banking practices in enhancing sustainable growth and development of Palestine SMEs;determining the factors that influence the SMEs as a service and products providers’ intention to adopt mobile banking;and proposing a conceptual model for adoption mobile banking development by SMEs sectors in Palestine. The paper titled “A decision support system to solve the problem of healthcare priority-setting” (Micaela Pinho and Ana Moura) offers “a decision support tool to deal with the problem of setting priorities among patients competing for limited health-care resources. [...]the authors can name Australia, Qatar and Russia as countries with effective but inefficient innovation systems”.

Telehealth Uptake into Primary Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Telehealth is designed to provide health services through the use of electronic information and telecommunication technologies. It has quickly become an important tool to ensure continued care in response to the COVID-19 pandemic while mitigating the risk of viral exposure for patients and providers. This study compared the number of monthly telehealth visits in primary care settings at a large academic medical center from 2019 and 2020. To investigate what health conditions are suitable for telehealth visits, we report on the ten ICD-10 codes with the largest number of telehealth visits.

Reopening Amid a Global Pandemic: Adapting Research, Prioritizing Collaboration, and Trust

In this discussion essay, the authors examine the development and implementation of the mitigation policy and practices that shaped Cairo American College’s (CAC) reopening amid the COVID-19 pandemic. An international school located in Cairo, Egypt, CAC was the first and only school in Egypt and much of the Middle East to reopen in August 2020. This essay discusses stakeholders, policies, and practices that shaped the reopening process from utilizing research and data from leading international health organizations to working within the local community and the Government of Egypt’s COVID-19 mandates. Successes and challenges of this process are discussed with a focus on the importance of research-to-practice in policy development as well as collaborating with international schools in the region and beyond as a comparative model for other schools. Ensuring trust and buy-in from parents, faculty, and staff was paramount to the successful implementation and continuation of the reopening process. Research played a foundational role in creating and maintaining this trust amid the lack of comparable school reopenings. Recommendations for a safe and effective reopening plan are provided along with the necessary role of all stakeholders for its success including leadership, teachers, and the community.

Seeking Causality in the Links between Time Perspectives and Gratitude, Savoring the Moment and Prioritizing Positivity: Initial Empirical Test of Three Conceptual Models.

We provide an initial empirical test of three conceptual models reflecting possible patterns of causality effects in the relationships between time perspective (TP), gratitude, savoring the moment, and prioritizing positivity (referred to as well-being boosters, WBBs), and mental well-being. The first one, trait-behavior model, states trait TPs increase the tendency to use specific WBBs in order to increase mental well-being. The second model, the accumulation model, proposes that a regular practice of particular WBBs fosters adaptive TPs which in turn impact well-being. The third model, the feedback loop, suggests that WBBs and positive TPs reciprocally strengthen one another and together contribute to higher mental well-being. Participants (N = 206; Mage = 30.90, SD = 8.39, 74% females) filled questionnaires measuring TPs, WBBs, and well-being twice, in a one-year interval. Using cross-lagged panel analyses we examined the direction of causation in the relationships among the variables. Past-Positive had a significant cross-lagged effect on gratitude, Present-Fatalistic had a significant effect on savoring. Both Past-Negative and Present-Fatalistic perspectives displayed significant causal effects on well-being. The results partly support the trait-behavior model. However, given that the second wave was conducted shortly after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, further studies are required to better understand the interplay between the studied traits.

Financialization of housing from cradle to grave: COVID-19, seniors’ housing, and multifamily rental housing in Canada

This paper explores the links between housing, financialization, and inequality—as exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses specifically on seniors’ housing (retirement and long-term care homes) and purpose-built rental housing, exploring how government cuts and retrenchment in the late 1990s created an opportunity for private profits for financial investors in housing that catalyzed a dramatic rise in “financialized” ownership of care homes, retirement properties, and multifamily rental housing in the province. Financial business strategies then generated a series of crises exacerbated by COVID-19. In rental housing, a crisis of affordability has led to displacement pressures and a COVID-related flood of evictions. In seniors’ housing, a crisis of care has been exposed by disproportionate deaths in long-term care and retirement homes nationwide. In Ontario, COVID-19 death rates were highest in financialized and corporate-owned for-profit homes, pointing to the downsides of prioritizing investor profits over housing, good jobs, and high-quality care. This paper is part of the SPE Theme on the Political Economy of COVID-19.

Social and Emotional Learning: A survey of English primary school's priorities, perceptions, and practices

This article reports the findings of a pre-pandemic national survey of English primary schools (n=621) examining how Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) is prioritised and practiced in school. Perceived benefits and prioritisation of SEL, barriers and facilitators in supporting implementation, and the nature and extent to which whole school approaches, classroom interventions and/or individual teaching practices are present, are discussed. Responses showed consistency in respect to some established findings in the field, namely concerns of time in respect to implementation, however some novel findings emerged, including satisfaction with programmes and training approaches, and a higher prevalence of SEL practice than previously reported. Findings are discussed in relation to an increasing nuance in understanding SEL provision within schools. The study contributes to limited research regarding typical practices, especially outside of funded trials, and in doing so provides useful and relevant information for educational professionals responsible for the implementation of SEL post-pandemic.

Prioritizing the First Doses of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine to Save the Elderly: The Case Study of Italy.

SARS-CoV-2 is currently causing hundreds of deaths every day in European countries, mostly in not yet vaccinated elderly. Vaccine shortage poses relevant challenges to health authorities, called to act promptly with a scarcity of data. We modeled the mortality reduction of the elderly according to a schedule of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that prioritized first dose administration. For the case study of Italy, we show an increase in protected individuals up to 53.4% and a decrease in deaths up to 19.8% in the cohort of over 80's compared with the standard vaccine recalls after 3 or 4 weeks. This model supports the adoption of vaccination campaigns that prioritize the administration of the first doses in the elderly.

Imaging diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma (the forgotten disease) during times of COVID-19 pandemic: Current and future perspectives.

Patients with bronchogenic carcinoma comprise a high-risk group for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), pneumonia and related complications. Symptoms of COVID-19 related pulmonary syndrome may be similar to deteriorating symptoms encountered during bronchogenic carcinoma progression. These resemblances add further complexity for imaging assessment of bronchogenic carcinoma. Similarities between clinical and imaging findings can pose a major challenge to clinicians in distinguishing COVID-19 super-infection from evolving bronchogenic carcinoma, as the above-mentioned entities require very different therapeutic approaches. However, the goal of bronchogenic carcinoma management during the pandemic is to minimize the risk of exposing patients to COVID-19, whilst still managing all life-threatening events related to bronchogenic carcinoma. The current pandemic has forced all healthcare stakeholders to prioritize per value resources and reorganize therapeutic strategies for timely management of patients with COVID-19 related pulmonary syndrome. Processing of radiographic and computed tomography images by means of artificial intelligence techniques can facilitate triage of patients. Modified and newer therapeutic strategies for patients with bronchogenic carcinoma have been adopted by oncologists around the world for providing uncompromised care within the accepted standards and new guidelines.

Priority setting in the Brazilian emergency medical service: a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA).

BACKGROUND: Despite the proven value of multicriteria decision analysis in the health field, there is a lack of studies focused on prioritising victims in the Emergency Medical Service, EMS. With this, and knowing that the decision maker needs a direction on which choice may be the most appropriate, based on different and often conflicting criteria. The current work developed a new model for prioritizing victims of SAMU/192, based on the multicriteria decision methodology, taking into account the scarcity of resources. METHODS: An expert panel and a discussion group were formed, which defined the limits of the problem, and identified the evaluation criteria for choosing a victim, amongst four alternatives illustrated from hypothetical scenarios of emergency situations-clinical and traumatic diseases of absolute priority. For prioritization, an additive mathematical method was used that aggregates criteria in a flexible and interactive version, FITradeoff. RESULTS: The structuring of the problem led the researchers to identify twenty-five evaluation criteria, amongst which ten were essential to guide decisions. As a result, in the simulation of prioritization of four requesting victims in view of the availability of only one ambulance, the proposed model supported the decision by suggesting the prioritization of one of the victims. CONCLUSIONS: This work contributed to the prioritization of victims using multicriteria decision support methodology. Selecting and weighing the criteria in this study indicated that the protocols that guide regulatory physicians do not consider all the criteria for prioritizing victims in an environment of scarcity of resources. Finally, the proposed model can support crucial decision based on a rational and transparent decision-making process that can be applied in other EMS.